See bowen in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bou"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "boo"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "bow"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "ine-pro",
"inh": "2"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "būgan"
},
"expansion": "Old English būgan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*beugan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *beugan",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English būgan, from Proto-West Germanic *beugan.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "boweth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "bowende",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "bowynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "bowed",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"participle",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-st",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bowen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to bowen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "bowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "bowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beigh",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bowed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bowest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bowedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "boweth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beigh",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "bowed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "bowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "bowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "bowed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "bowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bowen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "bowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "bowen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "boweden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bowede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "boweth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "bowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bowynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "bowende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "bowen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "bowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "bowed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ybowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "bouwe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "bouwen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "bowe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "buȝen",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "buȝhenn",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "buhen",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "buwen",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "bouȝe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Kent"
]
},
{
"form": "boughe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "bow",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "bowghe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "bouwien",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Southern"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "bowen",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"stem": "bow"
},
"expansion": "bowen (third-person singular simple present boweth, present participle bowende, bowynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle bowed)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bow",
"2": "beigh",
"3": "bow",
"c": "2",
"w": "ed",
"y": "p2"
},
"name": "enm-conj-st"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "30 14 13 9 9 15 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 10 10 8 8 10 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "54 9 8 7 7 9 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
73,
79
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
70,
73
]
],
"english": "Since heaven, earth, and hell, and everything that's in them, / shall bow before You and bend their knees.",
"ref": "a. 1333, “Poem 15: Eterne rex altissime; Fol. 209v-210r”, in William Herebert, transl., Opera (British Library MS. Add. 46919), Hereford; republished as The Works of William Herebert, OFM (Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse), [Ann Arbor]: University of Michigan, a. 2018:",
"text": "Vor hœ́uene and œ́rþe and helle, and al þat þrinne bœ́n, / To þé shullen bouwen hœm and bénden hœre knœ́n.",
"translation": "Since heaven, earth, and hell, and everything that's in them, / shall bow before You and bend their knees.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To bend, curve, or cause to bend:",
"To bow or kneel; to bend reverently."
],
"id": "en-bowen-enm-verb--XBJeOjC",
"links": [
[
"bend",
"bend"
],
[
"curve",
"curve"
],
[
"bow",
"bow"
],
[
"kneel",
"kneel"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To bend, curve, or cause to bend:",
"To turn; to move in response to."
],
"id": "en-bowen-enm-verb-X1JrX1G7",
"links": [
[
"bend",
"bend"
],
[
"curve",
"curve"
],
[
"turn",
"turn"
],
[
"move",
"move"
],
[
"response",
"response"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To bend, curve, or cause to bend:",
"To adjust in response to."
],
"id": "en-bowen-enm-verb-w9qJ0bIl",
"links": [
[
"bend",
"bend"
],
[
"curve",
"curve"
],
[
"adjust",
"adjust"
],
[
"response",
"response"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To bend, curve, or cause to bend:",
"(figurative) To adjust in response to."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To fall, lower, or drop"
],
"id": "en-bowen-enm-verb-f4fY3bdU",
"links": [
[
"fall",
"fall"
],
[
"lower",
"lower"
],
[
"drop",
"drop"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To fall, lower, or drop:"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To fall, lower, or drop:",
"To end or cause to end."
],
"id": "en-bowen-enm-verb-4vf1KJSw",
"links": [
[
"fall",
"fall"
],
[
"lower",
"lower"
],
[
"drop",
"drop"
],
[
"end",
"end"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To fall, lower, or drop:",
"(figurative) To end or cause to end."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To submit; to demonstrate obedience."
],
"id": "en-bowen-enm-verb-fBGM0jpY",
"links": [
[
"submit",
"submit"
],
[
"obedience",
"obedience"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To move or go."
],
"id": "en-bowen-enm-verb-GnpN8dp0",
"links": [
[
"move",
"move"
],
[
"go",
"go"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(poetic) To move or go."
],
"tags": [
"poetic"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbuːən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbuːɣən/",
"tags": [
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbuːɣə/",
"tags": [
"Kent"
]
}
],
"word": "bowen"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English class 2 strong verbs",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English verbs",
"Middle English weak verbs",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bou"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "bow"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "boo"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "bow"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "ine-pro",
"inh": "2"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "būgan"
},
"expansion": "Old English būgan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*beugan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *beugan",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English būgan, from Proto-West Germanic *beugan.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "boweth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "bowende",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "bowynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "bowed",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"participle",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-st",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "bowen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to bowen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "bowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "bowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "beigh",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bowed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bowest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bowedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "boweth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beigh",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "bowed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "bowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "bowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "bowed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "bowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bowen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "bowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "bowen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "boweden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bowede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "boweth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "bowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "bowynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "bowende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "bowen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "bowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "bowed",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ybowe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "bouwe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "bouwen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "bowe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "buȝen",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "buȝhenn",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "buhen",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "buwen",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "bouȝe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Kent"
]
},
{
"form": "boughe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "bow",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "bowghe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "bouwien",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Southern"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "bowen",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"stem": "bow"
},
"expansion": "bowen (third-person singular simple present boweth, present participle bowende, bowynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle bowed)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bow",
"2": "beigh",
"3": "bow",
"c": "2",
"w": "ed",
"y": "p2"
},
"name": "enm-conj-st"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
73,
79
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
70,
73
]
],
"english": "Since heaven, earth, and hell, and everything that's in them, / shall bow before You and bend their knees.",
"ref": "a. 1333, “Poem 15: Eterne rex altissime; Fol. 209v-210r”, in William Herebert, transl., Opera (British Library MS. Add. 46919), Hereford; republished as The Works of William Herebert, OFM (Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse), [Ann Arbor]: University of Michigan, a. 2018:",
"text": "Vor hœ́uene and œ́rþe and helle, and al þat þrinne bœ́n, / To þé shullen bouwen hœm and bénden hœre knœ́n.",
"translation": "Since heaven, earth, and hell, and everything that's in them, / shall bow before You and bend their knees.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To bend, curve, or cause to bend:",
"To bow or kneel; to bend reverently."
],
"links": [
[
"bend",
"bend"
],
[
"curve",
"curve"
],
[
"bow",
"bow"
],
[
"kneel",
"kneel"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To bend, curve, or cause to bend:",
"To turn; to move in response to."
],
"links": [
[
"bend",
"bend"
],
[
"curve",
"curve"
],
[
"turn",
"turn"
],
[
"move",
"move"
],
[
"response",
"response"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To bend, curve, or cause to bend:",
"To adjust in response to."
],
"links": [
[
"bend",
"bend"
],
[
"curve",
"curve"
],
[
"adjust",
"adjust"
],
[
"response",
"response"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To bend, curve, or cause to bend:",
"(figurative) To adjust in response to."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To fall, lower, or drop"
],
"links": [
[
"fall",
"fall"
],
[
"lower",
"lower"
],
[
"drop",
"drop"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To fall, lower, or drop:"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To fall, lower, or drop:",
"To end or cause to end."
],
"links": [
[
"fall",
"fall"
],
[
"lower",
"lower"
],
[
"drop",
"drop"
],
[
"end",
"end"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"To fall, lower, or drop:",
"(figurative) To end or cause to end."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To submit; to demonstrate obedience."
],
"links": [
[
"submit",
"submit"
],
[
"obedience",
"obedience"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English poetic terms"
],
"glosses": [
"To move or go."
],
"links": [
[
"move",
"move"
],
[
"go",
"go"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(poetic) To move or go."
],
"tags": [
"poetic"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbuːən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbuːɣən/",
"tags": [
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbuːɣə/",
"tags": [
"Kent"
]
}
],
"word": "bowen"
}
Download raw JSONL data for bowen meaning in Middle English (7.9kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-02-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-01-01 using wiktextract (f492ef9 and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.